This report explores the implementation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency rules issued under the Clean Air Act (CAA) over the past several decades, specifically explaining how those rules have provided compliance flexibilities consistent with statutory instructions. It outlines certain mechanisms that offer compliance options to regulated entities, before presenting case studies of EPA rules and state laws, adopted under CAA requirements, that have incorporated such mechanisms. Notably, the report demonstrates how such flexibilities have in fact led to more cost-effective air pollution control from stationary sources over time.
Author: Andover Technology Partners (James Staudt)
This resource was commissioned by or produced by staff of the Center for Applied Environmental Law and Policy before the organization rebranded as Ridgeline Center for Law and Policy in 2026.